Ethics in Law Enforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Morals in Law Enforcement - Essay Example Defilement is a term that springs effectively to mind when one considers how law implementation is generally applied. Mainstream society is loaded with references to degenerate cops and legal advisors, particularly regarding how the police are frequently spoken to in motion pictures and network shows, and furthermore as far as the various articles on police misuse that might be found in papers and other periodical. Particularly after the occasions of September 11, 2001, and the supremacist assaults on Muslims and other Asian minorities in America came into the news, there has been a great deal of negative exposure for the manner by which minorities are evidently mishandled by numerous law-authorization offices. Every one of these models speak to legends about law implementation that are frequently gave a false representation of by insights. Be that as it may, there is additionally some premise as a general rule for such conclusions. What's more, debasement sabotages regard for the standard of law and for the just procedure that are the very center of our arrangement of government. Controlling this abhorrence effectively is a consistent test for any legislature. However any administration that doesn't give itself to this exertion is at risk for planting the seeds of its own demolition. (p. xi) The creators recommend, along these lines, that as opposed to distinguishing the law requirement framework with debasement, there is the need to perceive that even the law is attempting to battle defilement inside itself. Degenerate practices are not a natural or necessary piece of the law authorization framework. Or maybe, it is something that has crawled into the framework and must be gotten rid of. The defilement of law requirement offices is shown by the two meetings that were directed as a major aspect of this examination. The primary will be examined with regards to defilement. This case is identified with a meeting with a twenty-seven-year-old white American lady who was a casualty of right of passage during her first year at a college in the U.S. Cindy (not her genuine name) recalls that she and her companions were careful about the senior understudies, in light of the fact that the school had a past filled with two or three vicious scenes of inception. Obviously, the school specialists had failed to address it. Cindy portrays the night when she and her companions were manhandled by a huge gathering of more established understudies. They had to drink liquor, and a portion of the senior understudies even peed into their glasses and constrained their casualties to drink from them. They were additionally made to perform requesting activities, for example, push-ups for very nearly three hours, and constrained to go around the grounds various occasions. They were likewise loudly manhandled, a considerable lot of the put-down being sexual orientation or race-based. Soon after the occurrence, Cindy and a companion went to the local police region to stop an objection about what had been done to them. I could barely handle it, Cindy says. None of the cops were prepared to hear us out. Two who did siphoned us for the 'delicious' subtleties and afterward burst out chuckling. Cindy's experience uncovers that open confidence in law authorization specialists has decreased dependent on their notoriety for rewarding casualties seriously. Despite the fact that this was a detached occurrence, there have been many revealed occasions of police smoke screens in comparable cases, even in examples where understudies were slaughtered or genuinely harmed because of initiation. Another case wherein law requirement a

Ethical Theories Essay

It is crucial for organizations to comprehend the significance of morals in this unique condition. Associations that are resolved to long haul achievement perceive and understand that making a culture where moral practices are remunerated and energized is a definitive key to endurance and development. As per Joseph 2003, business morals alludes to clear gauges and standards that help representatives to recognize directly from wrong conduct at work, while in the other hand moral speculations are hypotheses that include realizing what is good and bad and making the best choice yet the way that the proper thing isn't straight forward gets the subject of moral situations. Ordinarily moral hypotheses can be separated into two separate gatherings, teleological and deontological. Teleological speculations look to the rightness of activities and are dictated by the measure of good results they produce and spotlight on results that depend on choices. In teleological speculations these activit ies are defended by the excellence of what the activities accomplish, as opposed to some element of the activities themselves. At the end of the day, choices that advantage the general objective and additionally objective is all things considered accepted as an approach to legitimize what is correct or wrong. The way of thinking of utilitarianism is one of the most ordinarily utilized and acknowledged moral hypotheses in the teleological gathering and is connected to Jeremy Bentham and John S Mills. As indicated by Crane and Matten (2010) utilitarianism is characterized as an activity which is ethically right in the event that it brings about the best measure of useful for the best measure of individuals influenced by the activity. This guideline centers exclusively around the outcomes of an activity and it gauges the great outcomes against the awful outcomes. It likewise empowers the activity that outcomes in the best measure of useful for all individuals included. Utilitarianism is amazing in business since it puts at the focal point of the ethical choice a variable which quantifies the estimation of an ac tivity. Deontological by complexity to teleological, outcomes are superfluous while figuring out what is good and bad. Deontological hypothesis expresses that individuals ought to cling to their commitments and obligations while dissecting a moral situation. This implies an individual will follow their commitments to another individual or society on the grounds that maintaining one’s obligation is what is considered morally right. For example, a deontologist will consistently stay faithful to his obligations to a companion and will observe the law. An individual who follows thisâ theory will deliver extremely steady choices since they will be founded on the individual’s set obligations. Deontological moral frameworks are worried about the idea of an activity that is being judged, though teleological adjudicators the results of the demonstration instead of the demonstration itself. Established by Immanuel Kant, Kantian Ethics is the famous portrayal of deontological speculations. Kantianism stresses the standards behind activities as opposed to an action’s results. Acting appropriately hence requires being inspired by legitimate all inclusive rules that approach everybody with deference. When you’re roused by the correct standards, you beat your creature senses and act morally. â€Å"Until the extraordinary mass of the individuals will be loaded up with the awareness of other's expectations for each other’s government assistance, social equity can never be attained† (Helen Keller). John Rawls, an American good and political savant, whose significant work, A Theory of Justice, profoundly affected morals and political hypothesis, accepted there must be an elective perspective on equity than the perspective on the Utilitarianism where the activity that benefits the best is the best. Rawls accepted that the standards of equity and reasonableness among people must be reasonable. John Rawls, social equity hypothesis looks to make a general public where the standards of equity and decency are given and to guarantee the insurance of equivalent access to freedoms, rights, and openings, just as dealing with the least advantaged citizenry. The idea is based around an implicit understanding, which is the deliberate understanding among individuals with each another and the administration which brings about a sorted out society. Then again, the way of thinking of ethicalness morals, which essentially manages the manners by which an individual should live, has bewildered logicians from the earliest starting point of time. Perceived as perhaps the best logician on the planet, Aristotle clarifies righteousness as a character characteristic that shows itself in ongoing activity. This hypothesis guarantees that excellencies are characteristics of character that you should rehearse effectively with the goal that they become a piece of you and shapes you into turning into a temperate moral individual. So when you are a righteous individual, you will lead a prosperous satisfied life. Since there are many differentiating translations in regards to an exact meaning of ethicalness, Aristotle hypothesis contends that the individual needs pragmatic intelligence, which is the thing that an individual needs so as to live well. On the conflicting side there is Milton Friedman, who is known as one of the best and most powerful financial analysts and open erudite people in theâ world. He was a firm adherent of free-advertise private enterprise which would thusly contribute and satisfactorily control riches all through the country. Traditionalist financial experts, for example, Milton Friedman, guarantee that business is most mindful when it makes benefit proficiently, not when it twists its vitality on social activities, Friedman verifies that it is in the eventual benefits for firms to expand benefits. With this Friedman is conjuring a deontological, not consequentialist, hypothesis. A consequentialist perusing Friedman’s work would hope to recognize a ‘ends legitimizes the means’ feeling of thinking. Friedman anyway clarifies the methods for accomplishing the closures are significant, as benefits should be expanded inside the administrative condition and primary core interest. Along ind istinguishable strides from Friedman we have Friedrich Hayek, who follows the libertarianism hypothesis. Libertarianism is a lot of related political ways of thinking that maintain freedom as the most noteworthy political end. This incorporates accentuation the essential of individual freedom, political opportunity, and deliberate affiliation. This hypothesis and Hayek stress that the market will deal with itself, the perfect market is automatic and it limits government mediation and additionally contribution in the commercial center. Libertarianism communicates that individuals have certain common rights and hardship of those rights is corrupt. The qualification hypothesis simply like Hayek, likewise bolsters a market framework with little to none government intercession, this hypothesis of equity is known by Robert Nozick. Nozick’s privilege hypothesis depends on the accompanying three standards: one, an individual who gains a holding as per the rule of equity in procurement is qualified for that holding; second, an individual who obtains a holding as per the rule of equity in move, from another person qualified for the holding, is qualified for the holding; and third, nobody is qualified for a ho lding with the exception of by rehashed utilizations of 1 and 2 (Anarchy, State, and Utopia 1974, p.151). As indicated by the qualification hypothesis, individuals should just have what they are really qualified for as indicated by these standards. A considerable lot of these speculations are seen all through the cases from the book Ethics and the Conduct of Business by John R. Boatright. Case 3.2 â€Å"Exporting Pollution† is impeccable model that incorporates alternate points of view and bits of knowledge into such speculations. The case sums up as follows, Rebbeca Wright, a collaborator to the VP of natural undertakings at Americhem, appreciates the chance to apply herâ training to open approach examination that her organization faces. She is persuaded that money saving advantage investigation, her claim to fame, gives a balanced dynamic device that slices through close to home sentiments and exposes the hard financial real factors. Jim Donnelly, Rebecca’s chief, began her with a draft of a reminder that she thought would make a chaos on the off chance that it were ever constructed open. Jim is setting up a notice of where to set up the company’s new area of their concoction plant. The principle issue is that barometrical toxins brought about by the plant will deliver an industrious cloudiness and a portion of the particles have been known to cause liver malignancy in a little bit of individuals uncovered. Four primary concerns about this area are additionally talked about of what might occur if this new plant opened. Milton Friedman’s, Kant, and deontological morals can be found for this situation. Friedman’s point of view for this case would have Rebecca to follow her obligations since this would do what might bring the most benefits and doing what the partners would need. For deontological and Kant’s viewpoint then again, it might be contended the two different ways. Rebecca must follow her obligations paying little mind to the results she is moving in the direction of, on the grounds that she has a particular obligation she should perform. In the event that she adheres to the guidelines she would profit herself, the organization, and all the partners. At the time Kantian morals despite everything suggests that one must adhere to moral law paying little mind to the results. So in light of the fact that this new plant may cause liver disease and incur torment on others, Rebecca can differ with the company’s choice on assembling the new plant. For this case, it relies upon which side Rebecca wishes to remain concerning what is moral or not. Regardless of wh ether to help or not the development of the new plant has moral characteristics with the two advantages and results.  â€Å"Lavish Pay at Harvard† is another model incredible model that applies to a portion of the hypotheses clarified. Jack R. Meyer, the head of Harvard University’s $20 billion gift finance was feeling the squeeze to change the pay plan for the assets top speculation supervisors because of the high measure of blessing the best five representatives were accepting. A couple of Harvard alumn

A Book History of the Epic of Gilgamesh and Looking at the Book as Artifact - Free Essay Example

What was the first book? You can argue that it goes back as far as someone placing their hand on a wall in a cave and leaving their mark behind. It could be argued that it was the hieroglyphics, it could be argued it was stone tablets from 2100 BC. There is an immense number of firsts. The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest book artifacts that has been unearthed. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a cuneiform text which is estimated to have been written in 2100 BC. This paper explores the book history of the Epic of Gilgamesh as well as examining the book as an artifact. What is the Epic of Gilgamesh? A History Gilgamesh was first discovered and translated in the 19th century. The story became popular quickly because the 11th tablet detailed the events of the Flood story from the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament. In Mesopotamian culture the language of learning, Sumerian and Akkadian was a treasured curriculum that had to be mastered by student scribes. According to Andrew George in the Penguin edition of the Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian (Preface and Introduction), all the literature that we have in Sumerian derives from the tablets written by these young Babylonian scribal apprentices, many of which were found in the remains of the houses of their teachers . It can be assumed that the Epic of Gilgamesh was written by these scribes due to the fact that not only were the tablets found in the remains of the scribes teachers homes, but also because not many would have been well enough educated in order to write this epic. The Sumerian literary texts that achieved the most publicity are the five poems of Gilgamesh. However, these are not the same as the Babylonian Gilgamesh epic that were written in Akkadian but are separate tales with similar themes. The Sumerian poems acted as a source material for the Babylonian epic. So even one of the oldest books in history, has even more history behind it and couldnt have developed without older Sumerian texts. Other Akkadian works have been recovered from this time frame. Some of them were well kept and finely written, these include three Babylonian tablets of Gilgamesh which we owe our knowledge of the story to. The Discovery of the Tablets Gilgamesh was first discovered and translated in the 19th century. The story became popular quickly because the 11th tablet detailed the events of the Flood story from the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament. The 11th tablet was excavated in Kouyunjik (now Nineveh, Iraq) by Hormuzd Rassam. The tablet is 15.24 centimeters long, 13.33 in width, and 3.17 centimeters in thickness and is made of clay . The fragment of the tablet has inscription on both sides with 49 and 51 lines as well as 45 and 49 lines. The tablet describes Ea, a god, told Utu-napishtim about the flood to destroy the earth. He told Utu to make a boat and save Utu and his family. Utu agreed, and when he, the birds, and the beasts were aboard the door shuts and the rest of mankind died. After six days the flood let up. The gods were mad at Utu and he and the animals could not find a final resting place. He made a sacrifice and Ea interceded and gave them an abode at the mouth of the river Euphrates. The next prominent tablet that was discovered was the 5th tablet. It was acquired from the Sulaymaniyah Museum in 2011 and was discovered to hold text from the Epic of Gilgamesh. The fifth tablet (in two parts) details the story of Gilgamesh and Enkidu as they fight the protector of the Cedar Forest, Humbaba. The earliest texts of Gilgamesh were written by the Sumerians in the third millennium B.C.E. in Mesopotamia. By the second millennium the story was inscribed on 11 tablets. Additionally, Assyrian scribes added a tablet that describes Gilgameshs arrangements for death and his future in the underworld in the 8th century B.C.E. One part of the fifth tablet is known as the Standard Babylonian version of the Gilgamesh Epic. It is written in cuneiform employing the writing system of wedge-shaped symbols used throughout the Near East in the first four millennia B.C.E. The tablet measures 4.3 by 3.7 inches and 1.2 inches thick. This tablet is believed to have been unearthed at a Babylo nian site. There were arguments whether the tablet was Old Babylonian or Neo-Babylonian. Andrew George, the British academic who wrote the translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh I quoted in my first report, believes that it is a typical Neo-Babylonian script which was not written later than the sixth century B.C.E. Two tablets represent the story of Tablet V. The Neo-Assyrian tablet from Nineveh and the Late Babylonian tablet from Uruk that Andrew George speaks of. Gilgamesh is still to this day constantly evolving as new pieces are still being discovered. After the US invaded Iraq and looted the Iraqi museums, the Sulaymaniyah Museum started an initiative in which they paid smugglers to obtain artifacts on their journey to other countries. The museum did not ask any questions regarding where it came from, how much it was, or who was selling it. The museum believed this would keep smugglers from selling to other buyers due to legal ramifications. In 2011, they discovered a collection of clay tablets. The collection was almost 90 clay tablets of different contents and shapes, they were all covered in mud. Some were in fragments while others were in pristine condition. The location is unknown due to the fact that the museum refused to ask questions to protect smugglers. It is believed that they were illegally obtained from the southern part of Babel which was previously Babylon or what was previously Mesopotamia. Professor Farouk Al-Rawi who teaches at the School of Oriental and African Studies was responsible for examining each item and appraising them. The seller did not know what the tablet was, only that it was really large, and he wanted a large sum of money for it. Professor Al-Rawi, knowing he had something greater, told Mr. Hashim to buy it and give the seller what he wanted. They bought it for $800. Professor Al-Rawi was cleaning the tablet and noticed that the three sections of the tablet were joined together, although it is unknown who put them together. Eventually, Al-Rawi discovered that he was working on one of the tablets from the Epic of Gilgamesh. It took five days in November 2012 to read and translate the cuneiform text. The tablet is inscribed in Neo-Babylonian cuneiform. It is number T.1447 in the Sulaymaniyah Museum. It is 11cm tall, 9.5 cm in length, and 3cm in thickness. It is dated between 2003-1595 BCE, although Al-Rawi dates it between 626-539 BCE.

What Can You Do with a Degree in Chemistry

A Presentation Of The Rationale For The Qualitative Case...

In this chapter, I will describe the methodology of my case study. I will begin with a presentation of the rationale for the qualitative case study approach. Next, I will present the participant selection criteria, the design of the study, and the methods of the data collection which will include the two interviews (first and follow-up), classroom observation, videotaping the participant during instruction, and document data collection. I will also discuss the strategies I will be using to enhance the trustworthiness of the study. At the end of this chapter, I will explain the methods of the data analysis. Appendix A will be included at the end of the chapter. I will develop Table(s) of the data collection. Rationale for Qualitative Approach The choice to choose the qualitative approach will mainly be depended on my purpose and research questions to be addressed. Since the purpose of this case study is to define the teacher’s use of ASL fingerspelling will be implemented during instruction. The purpose of my case study is not to compare or measure the effectiveness of the participant’s method of instruction, but to observe how the participant uses ASL fingerspelling, if any, during class instruction and how it was implemented. The qualitative approach will be carefully selected †¦. Data Collection Methods Participant Selection In selecting a participant for the case study was to choose one person who is a deaf education teacher and uses ASL. The teacher works inShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of A Research Hypothesis1354 Words   |  6 Pageswill be explain here. In deductive approach, Investigator has to pay attention on the development of research hypothesis by which we can reach to result. Formation of hypothesis is totally depend on the predetermine study and discovered theories. 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Soul Food free essay sample

A ritual done over a specific length of time can become tradition, rooting itself into one’s culture and lifestyle. George Gmelch in the essay â€Å"Baseball Magic† describes rituals as being irrational and unemotional behaviors linked to an outcome. He finds when a baseball player has a good performance his rituals grow and are continued. Gmelch’s findings reflect that rituals fulfill one’s need for control over one’s environment. Similar to Gmelch, I have found that within my family the ritual of cooking soul food every Sunday has become a means of keeping my family together. By consistently performing this ritual a sense of control is established over the continual unity within my family. Unity is important because it is the basic structure of family, and is something that was not always a part of African American culture. Dating back to slavery, families were often divided in the slave trade and were never to be seen again. This division has had long-term effects on African American families to this day, where often it is seen that a father or mother is lacking and children are raised by extended family. My family came to California from the East Coast over 30 years ago, thus keeping the ritual of Sunday dinner alive has been a crucial factor in maintaining our unity as a family. My family practices the ritual of having a large soul food dinner every Sunday at my Aunt Louise’s house. On October 26, 2008 I arrived at my Aunt Louise’s house in Los Angeles, California. Just before entering the house I was greeted by the smell of baked foods. As I walked into my aunt’s cozy medium sized home, I immediately saw the dining room table fully set for the guests. The mahogany table was covered with a cream and gold tasseled table cloth, cream plates rimmed with gold sat on the table near silver goblets with gold rims, and champagne flutes and silver utensils matched with gold handles. This elaborate table setting directly reflects the teachings passed down within my family of having wealth within one’s spirit. Gmelch states that routines are â€Å"comforting; they bring order into a world in which players have little control† (303). Just as baseball players need routines to organize their lives, my family is routinely reminded every Sunday that just because we don’t have money it doesn’t mean our minds should be impoverished. In the areas where control is lacking, such as finance, our family finds comfort from this reminder representing the riches we share as a family. Thus at this table, memories have been shared over the years and special occasions celebrated. After exiting the dining room I entered the kitchen where I saw a grey pot of cabbage with a large piece of ham inside, biscuits, macaroni and cheese, and baked chicken smothered in gravy. The hot soul food on the stove indicated dinner was prepared and all the elements of Sunday dinner at my Aunt Louise’s house began to come together. I watched as my family members made their way to the food, dinner plates in hand. Within minutes everyone settled in at the dining room table. My dad began to tell everyone to hold hands and bow for prayer as he prayed for blessing over the food, which coincides with George Gmelch’s finding of how Latin American’s make the sign of the cross or bless themselves before every bat (304). As a Christian family the importance that has been placed upon giving thanks to the one who provided us with our meal is an aspect of the ritual implemented to purify the food we are eating. While the family ate, conversation was sparked and the â€Å"soul† food began to work its magic. The food we ate made everyone comfortable, warm and more open to each other. The known aspect of how this food affects us draws upon what Gmelch states about a fielder having â€Å"complete control over the outcome of his performance† and by cooking soul food a sense of control is established (305). Everyone knows my Aunt Louise is a great cook, and when she cooks our soul food favorites we can’t help but be drawn to her house for her cooking. The soul food we eat establishes our control as a unified family every Sunday. What is within this food, analyzed by Professor Fredrick Douglas Opie, is the yolk that continues to bring African American families together. Soul food and Sunday dinners have been a staple throughout African American families. Known for bringing families together for food and great conversation, this tradition roots itself in times as early as slavery. In an interview by journalist Farai Chideya of the National Public Radio (NPR), author and Professor Fredrick Douglas Opie examines the history of soul food. His book Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America is an educational journey outlining where â€Å"soul† food began and how it became important to African American culture. He shows that the term â€Å"soul† as a prerequisite for the type of food commonly made by African American’s, stemmed from the 60s, an era of cultural empowerment. This food with â€Å"soul† as Professor Opie defines, is the main component of dinners which unite my family every Sunday evening. Within this traditional food cooked every Sunday our stomach’s are not the only aspect of us being fed, but our â€Å"souls† are being filled under the unity of food. My Aunt Louise is the reason the ritual of soul food being cooked on Sunday continues throughout our family. Historically the institution of slavery is where traditional African American foods were originally cooked, specifically out of â€Å"what the master rationed† (Opie). Usually when elaborate meals were cooked they were done sparingly and with whatever slaves could get their hands on. As Professor Douglas Opie draws upon, common soul food cooking in slavery rooted out of need, specifically for better tasting food. Similarly within my family, the need to keep everyone unified is the reason my Aunt continues the ritual of cooking soul food every Sunday. My Aunt Louise originally moved to California over 30 years ago with her sister, my grandmother. When she first moved to California with her sister, they were so busy raising children, working and dealing with marriage that seeing each other often was impossible. As she stated, the significance of her dinners every Sunday have been for â€Å"family gathering, so everyone can come together, enjoy conversation, catch up on their week†¦something that can’t be done everyday† (Robinson). A need to keep the family strong is why great soul food is cooked by her every Sunday. Originally my Aunt’s mother always cooked soul food dinners. Her mother and grandmother made sure that Sunday was specifically set aside â€Å"because that was an important day in our house that has been passed down from generation to generation† (Robinson). She was taught to cook at 11 years old, and from there participated in helping her mother cook elaborate meals on this special day of the week. The purpose for cooking soul food on Sunday as Professor Douglas Opie recalls, is because â€Å"certain foods weren’t always readily available to African Americans, so Sunday was set aside to cook them (Opie). † As a generational ritual among our African American culture, this day has held strong as a major characteristic of the ritual of cooking soul food by my Aunt Louise. What traditional soul food ritualistically cooked in our family every Sunday has done is bring us together. Foods such as fried chicken, greens, macaroni and cheese, cornbread and black eyed peas and gravy are known to bring comfort to an individual. Historically throughout slavery such staple foods gave a type of release to the stresses and depression occurred in that time. For my family, eating soul food when we are together comforts us and allows us to be more laid back and this in turn makes bonding every Sunday easier. Without this soul food, Sunday dinners could not be effective in the glue that keeps our family strong. Soul food is so closely aligned in the fabric of African American people and our culture that it’s almost impossible to get us to stop eating it (Opie). The soul food my family eats is a meaningful ritual and tradition because of its cultural roots and mysterious â€Å"feel good† qualities, soul food eaten in my family is a ritual of meaning which has become tradition. Within my family the tradition of having a large soul food dinner at my Aunt Louise’s house occurs every Sunday. Since I was a child, I remember going to her house, enjoying great food and socializing with members of my family. Gmelch in writing â€Å"Baseball Magic† discusses how rituals can play a large role in one’s life, as a means of control over a specific outcome. Overtime the ritual of soul food cooked every Sunday for dinner has become the incentive keeping unity within my family strong. The strength of family, especially to my own, reaches as far back into slavery where many families were broken apart. Opie in his interview by Farai Chideya in regards to his book Hog Hominy: Soul food from Africa to America analysis what soul food is and how it became to be important in African American culture. Originating out of a simple need for better tasting food, traditional foods cooked by slaves were later titled â€Å"soul food† during the Black Power Movement of the 60s. This soul food, passed down from generations is today what my family enjoys during time of bonding and relationship. In all, from what I have learned through observations and interview regarding this ritual, I will never look at my family’s Sunday dinners the same. As a ritual of true meaning, soul food dinner on Sunday is not only good food but a celebration of my family.

Mung Beans free essay sample

Abstract The Seeds of Mung bean, wheat, and silver beet were tested in environments of differing salinities to note down if high salinity environments were worse for the seeds. It was found that generally lower concentrations were better for germination then higher concentrations. Despite this, the hypothesis was not completely supported as in wheat and silver beet the second concentration had a higher rate of germination than the control and in all instances the highest concentration had a higher germination rate than the second highest concentration. Introduction Salinity refers to salt dissolved in a substance such as water or soil. Different plants have differing levels of salt tolerance, due to certain adoptions to specific environments. If a plant is not adapted to high salinity areas, they can be very detrimental to them. This is due to the process of osmosis. Osmosis is the process that occurs when there are differing concentrations between the inside and outside of a cell (Etomica, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Mung Beans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reason that solutions can travel through a cell is due to its cell membrane, which is a semi-permeable, meaning that only some things and not others can pass through it (Purchon, N, 2000). If there is a higher concentration on the outside of the cell than on the inside of the cell then it is referred to as hypotonic. When this happens, water flows from outside the cell into it, and the cell starts to swell. When the cell swells it is said to be turgid, which means swollen and hard (Etomica, 2010). In plant cells there is a cell wall which prevents these cells from bursting, and when the internal and external pressures become equal the ‘turgor pressure’ prevents the cell from taking in any more water (Etomica, 2010). If the concentration is higher on the inside, however, than it is referred to as hypertonic. When a cell is in a hypertonic solution, water from the inside of the cell will travel out of the cell (Etomica, 2010). When this happens, the cell is said to be ‘flaccid’, and when this happens the cytoplasm of the cell, which is the organelle of a cell concerned with the storage of water, pulls away from the cell walls in a process known as plasmolysis (Etomica, 2010). If there is an equal concentration on both the inside and outside of the cell than it has reached a ‘dynamic equilibrium’ and is referred to as isotonic, ‘incipient plasmolysis’ occurs . Incipient means about to be, meaning that it is in-between being turgid and being plasmolysed (Etomica, 2010). If a fully sprouted plant is in an isotonic solution, then a plant droops because it is not turgid enough to hold itself up (Etomica, 2010). High salinity environments can be bad for plants not adapted to them because their cells become flaccid. This is because the concentration of water in a high salinity environment is relatively low, meaning that water diffuses from inside the cell outwards, and eventually can deprive a cell completely from water (Etomica, 2010). The effects of high salinity environments on plants are an especially large problem in Australia. This is because, over millions of years, salt has been taken from the sea in the form of salt water, and deposited over the Australian landscape in the form of rain (DENR SA, 2010). This salt has stayed even deposited through soil for millions of years due to the native plants living in it, but with the plantation of introduced crops has become a large problem. In deep-rooted, native plants, when rainfall occurs, a large amount of water is taken up through the roots from the soil, resulting in no difference to the environment. However, with introduced, shallow-rooted plants, less water is taken up through the roots. Because less water is taken up, more water remains, and when the water evaporates from the soil, salt which has been low below ground for millions of years is brought to the surface, surrounding these new plants and depriving them of further water (DENR SA, 2010). This process can be made worse by the irrigation of crops, which result in more water soaking into the soil and thus more water to evaporate and carry salt to the soil’s surface (DENR SA, 2010). An example of a plant adapted to high salinity environments is the mangrove. The mangrove is a halophilous plant, meaning that it is a plant that grows in saline soils and waters (Conservancy Association, 2010). This gives it an advantage as not many plants can live in these conditions. The mangrove handles these high salinity conditions in a number of methods. The first method is through salt exclusion, which is the process the mangrove uses to prevent salt from entering its roots and therefore stopping it being transported to the plant cells (Conservancy Association, 2010). Despite this, some salt still gets through to the cells, and there are more methods to deal with it. With mangroves such as the Black Mangrove, salt can be excreted through its tissues, through specific salt glands (Conservancy Association, 2010). Another method is the storage of this salt on the leaves of the plant, in the form of crystals. These leaves then drop to the ground, taking this salt with them (Conservancy Association, 2010). The germination of mangroves is also a process specifically adapted to high salinity conditions. A mangrove seed begins to develop before it is dropped to the ground from the plant, to improve its chances of survival once it is dropped (Conservancy Association, 2010). As a mangrove is surrounded by water, when a seed drops it will start floating, as the seed coat starts to shed. The speed at which this coat sheds depends on how ideal the conditions are for it, as it will fall off slowly if it is in a high or low salinity environment (Conservancy Association, 2010). The best environment for a mangrove seedling is one of a combination of sea and fresh water. If the environment has a high temperature then the process is also quickened (Conservancy Association, 2010). Finding the right environment fairly quickly is important as a mangrove seed can only stay alive a few days, before it needs to implant (Conservancy Association, 2010). In this extended experimental investigation, the germination process of the seeds of mung beans, wheat, and silver beet in differing saline environments are tested to see how high salinity environments can affect plants. Mung beans can grow in both moist and dry environments, and can survive very dry drought conditions if necessary (Jefferson Institute, 2010). Despite this, they are not well adapted to high salinity conditions. Silver beet seeds are also adapted to a wide range of climates, although prefer cool, dry areas to germinate (Primefacts, 2009). Silver beet seeds have some tolerance to saline conditions, but not much tolerance during the germination process (Primefacts, 2009). There are over a thousand different kinds of wheat, whose seeds once again can survive well in drought-like conditions, but are relatively unadapted to saline environments (Shipard, I, 2009). Ten of each of these seeds will be put into five differing solutions. The solutions consist of a control solution, being a distilled water solution with no salt, a solution of 4. 375g/L of salt, a solution of 8. 75g/L of salt, a solution of 17. 5g/L of salt, and a solution of 35g/L of salt, being the average salinity of sea

Free Essays on Gestures and Facial Expressions

. There is a need for gestures and facial expressions in order to produce the emotions significance. Facial expressions come naturally to us. We are gifted with them since birth. A newborn baby doesn’t learn gestures form his/her parents. Newborns aren’t taught how to show pain, but the do, sometimes without even crying or screaming. The gestures they produce correspond their expressions, in this case, screaming or crying. When raising a child, parents tend to condition them to certain behaviors. They teach them what is, and we quote, â€Å"right and wrong.† A parent accustoms his/her child to certain facial expressions. If a parent displays a look of anger, the child immediately knows he/she has done something bad. If a parent displays a look of content, the child knows he/she has or is doing something that is good, or all right by the parent. Someone could easily tell what another person is thinking just by looking at his or her gestures. If you were to see someone smiling, automatically you know that the person is happy or something amuses him/her. It’s the same if the person were frowning and slouching; you’d automatically know that the person is feeling depressed or sad. It’s just the same for expressions of anger, surprise, disgust, or any other expression. If a person a person were to give an expression or gesture portraying anguish or distress at his or her birthday party, you’d instantly know that there’s something wrong with the person... Free Essays on Gestures and Facial Expressions Free Essays on Gestures and Facial Expressions Gestures and facial expressions often communicate what words cannot say. Words aren’t always genuine, for they can be said as well as they can be blown away with the wind. For this matter, it is in every human being’s advantage that there are facial expressions, to expose what words cannot communicate. Strong feelings and emotions such as sadness, fear, grief, disgust, anger, joy, and especially surprise cannot easily expressed with only the use of words. There is a need for gestures and facial expressions in order to produce the emotions significance. Facial expressions come naturally to us. We are gifted with them since birth. A newborn baby doesn’t learn gestures form his/her parents. Newborns aren’t taught how to show pain, but the do, sometimes without even crying or screaming. The gestures they produce correspond their expressions, in this case, screaming or crying. When raising a child, parents tend to condition them to certain behaviors. They teach them what is, and we quote, â€Å"right and wrong.† A parent accustoms his/her child to certain facial expressions. If a parent displays a look of anger, the child immediately knows he/she has done something bad. If a parent displays a look of content, the child knows he/she has or is doing something that is good, or all right by the parent. Someone could easily tell what another person is thinking just by looking at his or her gestures. If you were to see someone smiling, automatically you know that the person is happy or something amuses him/her. It’s the same if the person were frowning and slouching; you’d automatically know that the person is feeling depressed or sad. It’s just the same for expressions of anger, surprise, disgust, or any other expression. If a person a person were to give an expression or gesture portraying anguish or distress at his or her birthday party, you’d instantly know that there’s something wrong with the person...

Cellphone Addiction

Negative effects of cell phone addiction include isolation and unbalanced priorities. There are effective solutions for treating the addiction, once you identify the symptoms. Symptoms of Cell Phone Addiction Take a step back and ask yourself how important your cell phone is to your day. If your phone use reduces the quality of your life, you may have an addiction. Perhaps you carry the gadget around with you even when you do not leave home; you look at the screen as you walk and constantly check it for missed calls. Another symptom is you feel the need to have the device with you at the dinner table and look at apps rather than talking to family members over meals. Is your cell phone constantly in your hand or within your line of vision? You obsess over the item; your obsession is a cell phone addiction. Look at your phone bill. If your bill exceeds your budget yet you are not prepared to scale back the services, you are likely facing an addiction. Another factor to consider is whether the gadget is getting in the way of your social life. Perhaps you cancel lunches with friends in favor of staying home to keep up with social networks via your mobile. When the device gets in the way of your real life events in a negative way, you likely have a cell phone addiction. Causes There are many causes of the addiction. The cell phone may be just one part of a larger addiction to technology in general. After all, many smartphones are equipped with apps to play games, browse the internet, and send emails. Online social media networks are growing rapidly. There are several, with the big players including Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Your friends and family members are joining networks too. You often â€Å"talk† to one another on the networks as your schedules keep you too busy to meet face to face. If you have made new online friends through the networks, your cell phone provides a way to connect with these people when they live in other cities and even in other countries. You trade media links, such as articles and photos. The interaction is fun and you begin to spend more time daily on your mobile device. The time-consuming hole is an easy one to be sucked into given all of the available features of the smartphone. http://christywrites. hubpages. com/hub/cell-phone-addiction-the-symptoms-and-methods-of-treatment Cellphone Addiction Negative effects of cell phone addiction include isolation and unbalanced priorities. There are effective solutions for treating the addiction, once you identify the symptoms. Symptoms of Cell Phone Addiction Take a step back and ask yourself how important your cell phone is to your day. If your phone use reduces the quality of your life, you may have an addiction. Perhaps you carry the gadget around with you even when you do not leave home; you look at the screen as you walk and constantly check it for missed calls. Another symptom is you feel the need to have the device with you at the dinner table and look at apps rather than talking to family members over meals. Is your cell phone constantly in your hand or within your line of vision? You obsess over the item; your obsession is a cell phone addiction. Look at your phone bill. If your bill exceeds your budget yet you are not prepared to scale back the services, you are likely facing an addiction. Another factor to consider is whether the gadget is getting in the way of your social life. Perhaps you cancel lunches with friends in favor of staying home to keep up with social networks via your mobile. When the device gets in the way of your real life events in a negative way, you likely have a cell phone addiction. Causes There are many causes of the addiction. The cell phone may be just one part of a larger addiction to technology in general. After all, many smartphones are equipped with apps to play games, browse the internet, and send emails. Online social media networks are growing rapidly. There are several, with the big players including Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Your friends and family members are joining networks too. You often â€Å"talk† to one another on the networks as your schedules keep you too busy to meet face to face. If you have made new online friends through the networks, your cell phone provides a way to connect with these people when they live in other cities and even in other countries. You trade media links, such as articles and photos. The interaction is fun and you begin to spend more time daily on your mobile device. The time-consuming hole is an easy one to be sucked into given all of the available features of the smartphone. http://christywrites. hubpages. com/hub/cell-phone-addiction-the-symptoms-and-methods-of-treatment

Modern Korean History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern Korean History - Essay Example This made them to evolve into sharply contrasting societies; with South Korea becoming one of the countable postcolonial developing countries to enter into the world's first rank. This so happened even in the event that the start was seemingly unpromising. On the other hand, North Korea became among the world's most known isolated and totalitarian societies. It could only be described as a nuclear power with a population which was not only impoverished, but also famine-stricken.2 Notwithstanding the above division, the Koreans had for a lengthy period of time lived in social classes. These classes included the king together with the ruling class, the peasants and the landlords. The reasons as to why this society is being painted as inward looking can be better understood form the peasant war. In 1984, the peasant war occurred and this uproar was geared towards doing away with the anti-imperialistic and anti-feudal phenomenon and in their place birth a modern state. This war has so re sulted from two principal issues: the invasion of imperialism and the failure of the feudal system.3 Notably, the Korean medieval society was uniquely characterized by an integration of a centralized power system and an economic system which was based on the concept of the landlord. This special feature furthers that explanation of the Korean society as an inward-looking society. Ordinarily, the central figure in their centralized power system, known as the king, had bureaucratized the aristocracy and the yangban via the examination of the civil service and their subsequent inclusion in the compacted system. Both the nobility and the yangban received economic gain in terms of slaves and land. This benefited them in that, their profits were certain. Nevertheless, this representative economic gain was a threat to the prevalent system of power. Moreover, the king together with his nobility and the yangban has assumed control over the owner- and tenant farmers- who were referred to as t he ruled class. But the reality of the matter is that this relationship was solely was clearly manifested in rent and taxes, that is, a tax relationship existed between the peasants and the state, while on the other hand, a rent relationship existed between the landlords and the tenants. It is crystal clear that the significance of these two kinds of relationships was secondary.4 This, therefore, meant that the only thing that could be done on the feudal problem was its revelation in the landlord-tenant rapport. Similarly, feudal conflicts were present in the state-peasant relationship since the king, the nobility and the yangban were the members of the landlord class while owner and tenant farmers formed the class of the peasants. Tax was the basis on which the state-peasant rapport was rooted. Moreover, the power of the landlord was boosted following the institution of the land tax. This move led to the concealment of the state-peasant in the landlord-tenant rapport thus making th e latter conflict more and more prominent.5 The peasant wars held had destroyed numerous tax records in government offices. Moreover, a number of rich peasants were attacked. During the uprisings, the peasants came to the full knowledge that the conflicts were as a result of land inequality. This made them attack the local gentry and large landlords making land issue to be their

Operations Management Topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Operations Management Topics - Essay Example Each function of the company then derives their separate strategy to support the firm's values and vision and the operations that are needed to support that strategy help develop the operational strategy. Making it easy, the operations strategy helps to specify how a particular firm will employ its operational activities to support the business strategy. Customers are the most valuable aspect in the supply chain. They are the one through which we are able to generate revenues from. They are the one who are needed to be pleased by the products and services that companies put forward in order for those companies to prosper in the long run. Therefore, it is one of the core values to satisfy the needs and wants of the customers in order to fulfill the main purpose of the organization. If a customer views your product being one of those on which he or she does not have to spend much money or there is a substitute present in the market, it becomes necessary for the organization to improve on cost-effectiveness and reduce the price of the product in order to lure in the customer to your product. Price/cost strategy is usually used in this case however; this strategy can only be employed if the firm is able to mass produce or is ready to accept a lower profit margin in order to grasp the market share. In the operations strategy framework, fulfillment of customer needs top the chart. All the new and existing products are manufactured keeping in mind the needs of the customers. One tremendous example is of Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart has a reputation in the eyes of the customer as being the best retailer chain as they are able to supply the products with the lowest prices by accepting a smaller profit margin. Their tremendous volume helps them make up even more than before. Another very important factor that plays an important role is the competitiveness of a firm. They are based on the elements of the operations on which they need to excel in order to gain competitiveness in the environment over a certain aspect. b) Competitors: Competitors are a part of the general macro environment for any firm and their decisions and strategies have a major impact on the different strategies that are being followed in the particular firm. Competitors are one of the major threats to a business and by knowing valuable information about how your competitors are functioning in the market, you might be able to compete with them on fair basis. in order to provide your product or service at a much better price, one needs to examine how the competitors are working, focus on their positives and try not to copy their negatives and develop a strategy in such a way that is counteracts their competitors strategy and helps you to achieve competitiveness. When it comes to developing an operational strategy, price or cost effectiveness comes into place. A firm

jane goodall :: essays research papers

Jane Goodall was born in London, England in 1934. This British ethnologist who is still alive today has laid claim to many great accomplishments, traveled far distances and experienced many things no woman ever has. As a young girl Jane spent her days in England studying local birds and other creatures, reading books on zoology and dreaming of one day travelling to Africa. Jane's childish fancies were turned into reality when a close friend invited her to Kenya in 1957. Only a few months after her arrival 23 year old Jane met Dr. Louis Leakey. Even though Jane had no academic credentials, Leakey chose her to conduct a long-term study of the chimpanzees in Tasmania's Gombe National Park. Even though Dr. Leakey's decision was frowned upon by many, he believed that Goodall's patience, independence and persistence to understand animals made her a good candidate for the job. He also believed that Jane's mind; uncluttered by academia would yield a fresh perspective. Even though her research contract was intended for the period of 10 years, critics believe she would last no longer than three weeks. By 1962 Jane Goodall had proved them wrong when her research was advancing greatly. It was around this time that National Geographic sent photographer and filmmaker Hugo van Lawick to document her work. The two were married in Tasmania on March 28, 1964. By 1965 Jane earned her Ph. D in ethnology, the eight person in the history of Cambridge University to earn a doctorate without first taking a B.A. Not long after Jane returned to the Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve on Lake Tanganyika, Tasmania. For nearly 10 years Jane studied chimpanzees. Her profound scientific discoveries laid the foundation for all future primate studies. Jane's discovery that chimpanzees made and used tools amazed the world. This one ability was once believed to separate humans from animals. A gap which was closed over the years of Jane's research as more and more similarities between humans and chimpanzees were discovered, Chimpanzees and humans differ by only just over one per cent. I watched, amazed, as she (Lucy, a chimpanzee) opened the refrigerator and various cupboards, found bottles and a glass, then poured herself a gin and tonic . Jane recorded this experience and many other discoveries in her three books; In the Shadow of Man (1971) a book documenting the life of chimpanzees, Innocent Killers (1971) about spotted hyenas, whose predatory behavior had been wrongly researched.

Mandatory HIV/AIDS testing for Pregnant Woman

Today, anti retroviral therapies are being developed by several manufacturers, in a bid to finally be able to reduce the number of instances of the transmission of HIV from mother to child. The drug AZT, for example, has been successful at bringing the rate of such direct transmissions down, and this has given rise to a widespread feeling that if testing of pregnant women for the presence of the dreaded AIDS virus were to be made mandatory, then perhaps many lives could be saved. It must be remembered that before the year 1994, when AIDS became renowned for its impact on the human body, not much was known about the disease, often referred to as ‘the scourge of modern man’, and nothing at all was known about the transmission of this disease from a mother to her unborn child.It was in late 1994 that an American clinical trial known as ‘ACTG 076’ was able to prove the assumption that when a drug AZT was administered to a HIV positive pregnant woman, and also to her child immediately after its birth, it was able to lower the rate of transmission from a high of 25 % to a low of 8 %. The trial was based on the fact that the pregnant woman had to be given the drug during her pregnancy, during her labor, during her delivery, and for the newborn baby during his first six weeks of life.Immediately after the results of this trial were published, the US Public Health Service recommended that all HIV positive pregnant women must be given the drug, especially to those women who demonstrated a likelihood of developing the disease. This was to include women who had never taken drugs of any kind against HIV AIDS. The administration of the drug, of course, involved an invasion of the woman’s basic privacy, and this was something that created a stir at the time. Such invasion of privacy was not to be tolerated.   (Yovetich)As stated earlier, making HIV testing mandatory for a pregnant woman, in the hope that the woman’s unborn child could be given a better and more productive and disease free life was not as simple an issue as it may have sounded at the time. There was much opposition from several different quarters. The main reason for the opposition was that the woman’s private life would be exposed, as HIV was a disease that was clothed in much secrecy, and it still is today. Defenders of privacy of a human being fought a long war to oppose mandatory testing of all pregnant women for the dreaded AIDS/HIV virus.To test a woman against her will, and then inform her that she had AIDS, and that she must take the drug so that her unborn child would not develop the disease would be a rather intrusive method to follow, felt privacy defenders, even if such testing meant that the risk of transmission to others would be reduced, and many lives could be saved in the future. However, the several advances in science through the years until today have prompted many individuals to reconsider the issue today.Several peopl e ask themselves today, are the potential benefits of mandatory testing for AIDS/HIV in some contexts outweighing the privacy interests? Or, on the other hand, is such an invasion of privacy completely justified if the unborn child could be saved from a life of disease and eventual death?It must be noted that several experiments and trials have been able to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that when a pregnant woman is tested for AIDS, and it is found that she is HIV positive, and she is then offered the drug that would combat the transmission of the disease to her unborn child, and she takes up the offer, then the chances of the unborn fetus being born with full blown AIDS would be reduced dramatically.Statistics have revealed that such therapy would successful bring down the rate of transmission from a high of a one on four chance, to a one in fifty chance. Such evidence has prompted a rash of proposals on the part of the governments to make the testing of HIV/AIDS mandatory for a pregnant woman. To date, it must be noted that only the legislatures of New York and Connecticut have been able to sanction mandatory programs that would impose HIV tests on a pregnant woman, without her consent, wherein she would be able to turn down the ‘offer of testing’ put forth to her.Although it may be true that at first glance, one would not be able to understand why anyone would wish to turn down an offer to save their unborn child, it is indeed a fact that science today has not yet advanced so far as to absolutely guarantee that the young pregnant woman would not pass on the disease to her child, like for example, statistics are able to prove that even if a pregnant woman has no medication at all for her AIDS, she still has only a one in four chance of transmitting the virus to her unborn child.This is because of the simple fact that a mother transmits the disease to her child during the process of delivery, which is the time when the infant would be exposed t o the blood of his mother, without the protection of the umbilical cord that has connected him to his mother all the nine months. In other words, statistics prove that intra-uterine transmission, that is, transference of the virus before delivery, of AIDS to the unborn infant is quite rare, and it does not take place in one out of four cases. AIDS and HIV can also be transmitted to the child after its birth, through breast feeding.Furthermore, it is important to remember that when an infant is born to an HIV-positive mother, HIV-antibody tests carried out on the newborn will always turn out to be positive, for the simple reason that the baby has would have inherited the HIV antibodies of its mother automatically during the birth and delivery processes, and this cannot be taken to mean that the newborn is infected with AIDS and HIV. In these cases, the antibodies that the baby has inherited would stay in his body for the first few months of his life, after which it would be replaced with his own. If the HIV testing is done on the infant at this stage, it would reveal the actual status of the child, rather than if it were to be done immediately after birth, which would often mislead the persons involved.     (The ACLU on HIV testing of pregnant women and newborns 2001)It is a sad fact indeed that the data on AIDS in America and in Canada indicated that almost 766 out of 824 pregnant and HIV infected women from twenty five states of the United States of America were aware of their HIV status much before their deliveries, yet there are about 280 to 370 peri-natal HIV transmissions in the country, every year. Researchers and scientists state repeatedly that the only way in which to control this dismal state of affairs would be to make HIV/AIDS testing mandatory for pregnant woman, despite opposition from several quarters.In Canada, for example, three different HIV testing approaches have been assayed, and medical records and relevant data have shown without dou bt that the so called ‘opt-in’ or voluntary testing approach, in which a pregnant woman is offered pre-HIV test counseling, and must give her consent voluntarily to an HIV test is generally related with lower testing rates than the ‘opt-out’ voluntary testing approach, in which the woman, who has had HIV/AIDS counseling, may choose to refuse HIV testing. As a matter of fact, even the mandatory newborn HIV testing approach proved to be ineffective, and the testing rates were much lower than expected, although they were better than the ‘opt-in’ testing method. (HIV testing among pregnant women, United States and Canada 1998 to 2001 2002)Today, with the governments across the world, especially in developed countries responding to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, women seem to be at the center of all the attention, and increasingly, global efforts at AIDS prevention seem to center on women, especially pregnant women who may transmit the dreaded AIDS virus to their unborn child, either before or after delivery. Most governments are taking advantage of the fact that medicines and drugs are available today, which would be able to effectively block the transmission of the virus to an infant, and these governments are using the drugs to make sure that the AIDS virus would not spread far and wide. One such government initiative is the ‘PMTCT Program’, or the ‘Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission Program’.It must be stated here that although the benefits of this and other similar programs may be tremendous, it is very important that the government takes into consideration the experiences of a pregnant woman who lives with AIDS, and the trauma that she undergoes as a direct result. The government must also learn to adopt a human rights perspective when it deals with a pregnant woman, and issues that concern her privacy. As a matter of fact, several governments seem to have forgotten, state human rights personnel , about the woman with AIDS, so keen are they on the prevention of the transmission of AIDS to the unborn child.Herein lies the crux of the issue: if the woman were to be treated as a patient, who is suffering from a dreaded and fatal disease, who needs treatment for the disease, and who has human rights as an individual, then it would be infinitely easier to deal with the issue. In other words, if the governments were to respect the woman who is harboring the AIDS virus, and treat her with basic human dignity and respect, it would ensure that her unborn child who is the future citizen of the country, and the future of his family would be better served.When this is taken in light of the fact that women are three times as likely as men to develop HIV/AIDS, and that a woman is physiologically more susceptible than a man to developing the infection through vaginal intercourse, it would seem that according a woman the deference that she deserves would be the best approach to the problem . In certain under developed countries, women have been reported to say that when they were diagnosed with AIDS, they were asked to abort their unborn fetuses, as they supposedly ‘had no right to pass on the infection to their unborn baby’.   In such cases, it is evident that the feelings and the rights of the woman were not considered in any way, and this is by no means uncommon.Although PMTCT Programs have today gained in popularity, and it is being touted across the world as being the one surefire method to control AIDS, these programs do implicate a certain invasion of the privacy and dignity of the woman concerned, especially in countries where the woman is denied the right to give informed consent to HIV/AIDS testing and treatment, probably because of a lack of education, and she is also denied her right to confidentiality. When this is taken in context of the stigma associated with AIDS in several countries, it is obvious that the program must be refined and re stated, if it were to be a success.   (Pregnant woman living with HIV n.d)To conclude, it must be said that although mandatory testing for HIV/AIDS may be an excellent idea and that it would help prevent the transmission of the virus to a woman’s unborn child, the program must be implemented while keeping in mind the human rights, the right to confidentiality, and the basic human rights of the woman suffering form the disease. If this were to be done, then one can look forward to a world in which the awful HIV/AIDS virus would be eliminated, and the world would be a safe place once more.Works citedYovetich, Tasha â€Å"Making it mandatory, should HIV tests be required for pregnant women?† The Canadian Women’s Health Network (1999) 13 December 2007â€Å"The ACLU on HIV testing of pregnant women and newborns† HIV testing of pregnant women and newborns (2001) 13 December 2007â€Å"HIV testing among pregnant women, United States and Canada 1998 to 2001â₠¬  MMWR Weekly (2002) 13 December 2007â€Å"Pregnant woman living with HIV† Reproductive Right.org 13 December 2007 (n.d)

Court Case Foster Placement At A Comprehensive Foster Care

This case was last before the court on 6/26/2017 for a report to the court. At that time, temporary custody of Issac Johnson remained with the Department and a pretrial conference date was set for October 30, 2017. ACTIVITIES SINCE THE LAST COURT DATE: Issac remains at a Foster Placement through DARE Services and continues to do well. CHILD: Issac turned 3 years old in April 2017. Issac is placed in a Comprehensive Foster Care at a placement in Fall River. Issac is medically up to date. Issac was receiving Early Intervention Services through Bay State Early Intervention until his 3rd birthday in April 2017. Issac services include speech therapy weekly as well as physical therapy. With speech therapy Isaacs vocabulary has†¦show more content†¦Mr. Johnson takes Issac to the playground across from the DCF Office, and will take him to get lunch. MOTHER Ms. Cuvellier has been meeting with the Department, engaging in visits, and has provided release to allow the Department to speak with all collaterals including her therapist, parenting program coordinator, treatment program, and to allow the Department to receive information concerning drug screens. Ms. Cuvellier has maintained her sobriety for over 6 months, engages in weekly counseling sessions, participates in Parenting Journey, and attends 12 step meetings, and substance abuse groups and counseling. Ms. Cuvellier talks openly about her recovery, and continues to work in counseling around feelings of shame, guilt, and past trauma. Ms. Cuveliier appeared in Lynn District Court on June 29, 2017, and child endangerment charges were dropped and Ms. Cuvellier is currently on probation for possession of a controlled substance. FATHER Mr. Johnson has continued to complete tasks on his action plan, and terms of his probation. 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