Ethics in Law Enforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Morals in Law Enforcement - Essay Example Defilement is a term that springs effectively to mind when one considers how law implementation is generally applied. Mainstream society is loaded with references to degenerate cops and legal advisors, particularly regarding how the police are frequently spoken to in motion pictures and network shows, and furthermore as far as the various articles on police misuse that might be found in papers and other periodical. Particularly after the occasions of September 11, 2001, and the supremacist assaults on Muslims and other Asian minorities in America came into the news, there has been a great deal of negative exposure for the manner by which minorities are evidently mishandled by numerous law-authorization offices. Every one of these models speak to legends about law implementation that are frequently gave a false representation of by insights. Be that as it may, there is additionally some premise as a general rule for such conclusions. What's more, debasement sabotages regard for the standard of law and for the just procedure that are the very center of our arrangement of government. Controlling this abhorrence effectively is a consistent test for any legislature. However any administration that doesn't give itself to this exertion is at risk for planting the seeds of its own demolition. (p. xi) The creators recommend, along these lines, that as opposed to distinguishing the law requirement framework with debasement, there is the need to perceive that even the law is attempting to battle defilement inside itself. Degenerate practices are not a natural or necessary piece of the law authorization framework. Or maybe, it is something that has crawled into the framework and must be gotten rid of. The defilement of law requirement offices is shown by the two meetings that were directed as a major aspect of this examination. The primary will be examined with regards to defilement. This case is identified with a meeting with a twenty-seven-year-old white American lady who was a casualty of right of passage during her first year at a college in the U.S. Cindy (not her genuine name) recalls that she and her companions were careful about the senior understudies, in light of the fact that the school had a past filled with two or three vicious scenes of inception. Obviously, the school specialists had failed to address it. Cindy portrays the night when she and her companions were manhandled by a huge gathering of more established understudies. They had to drink liquor, and a portion of the senior understudies even peed into their glasses and constrained their casualties to drink from them. They were additionally made to perform requesting activities, for example, push-ups for very nearly three hours, and constrained to go around the grounds various occasions. They were likewise loudly manhandled, a considerable lot of the put-down being sexual orientation or race-based. Soon after the occurrence, Cindy and a companion went to the local police region to stop an objection about what had been done to them. I could barely handle it, Cindy says. None of the cops were prepared to hear us out. Two who did siphoned us for the 'delicious' subtleties and afterward burst out chuckling. Cindy's experience uncovers that open confidence in law authorization specialists has decreased dependent on their notoriety for rewarding casualties seriously. Despite the fact that this was a detached occurrence, there have been many revealed occasions of police smoke screens in comparable cases, even in examples where understudies were slaughtered or genuinely harmed because of initiation. Another case wherein law requirement a

Ethical Theories Essay

It is crucial for organizations to comprehend the significance of morals in this unique condition. Associations that are resolved to long haul achievement perceive and understand that making a culture where moral practices are remunerated and energized is a definitive key to endurance and development. As per Joseph 2003, business morals alludes to clear gauges and standards that help representatives to recognize directly from wrong conduct at work, while in the other hand moral speculations are hypotheses that include realizing what is good and bad and making the best choice yet the way that the proper thing isn't straight forward gets the subject of moral situations. Ordinarily moral hypotheses can be separated into two separate gatherings, teleological and deontological. Teleological speculations look to the rightness of activities and are dictated by the measure of good results they produce and spotlight on results that depend on choices. In teleological speculations these activit ies are defended by the excellence of what the activities accomplish, as opposed to some element of the activities themselves. At the end of the day, choices that advantage the general objective and additionally objective is all things considered accepted as an approach to legitimize what is correct or wrong. The way of thinking of utilitarianism is one of the most ordinarily utilized and acknowledged moral hypotheses in the teleological gathering and is connected to Jeremy Bentham and John S Mills. As indicated by Crane and Matten (2010) utilitarianism is characterized as an activity which is ethically right in the event that it brings about the best measure of useful for the best measure of individuals influenced by the activity. This guideline centers exclusively around the outcomes of an activity and it gauges the great outcomes against the awful outcomes. It likewise empowers the activity that outcomes in the best measure of useful for all individuals included. Utilitarianism is amazing in business since it puts at the focal point of the ethical choice a variable which quantifies the estimation of an ac tivity. Deontological by complexity to teleological, outcomes are superfluous while figuring out what is good and bad. Deontological hypothesis expresses that individuals ought to cling to their commitments and obligations while dissecting a moral situation. This implies an individual will follow their commitments to another individual or society on the grounds that maintaining one’s obligation is what is considered morally right. For example, a deontologist will consistently stay faithful to his obligations to a companion and will observe the law. An individual who follows thisâ theory will deliver extremely steady choices since they will be founded on the individual’s set obligations. Deontological moral frameworks are worried about the idea of an activity that is being judged, though teleological adjudicators the results of the demonstration instead of the demonstration itself. Established by Immanuel Kant, Kantian Ethics is the famous portrayal of deontological speculations. Kantianism stresses the standards behind activities as opposed to an action’s results. Acting appropriately hence requires being inspired by legitimate all inclusive rules that approach everybody with deference. When you’re roused by the correct standards, you beat your creature senses and act morally. â€Å"Until the extraordinary mass of the individuals will be loaded up with the awareness of other's expectations for each other’s government assistance, social equity can never be attained† (Helen Keller). John Rawls, an American good and political savant, whose significant work, A Theory of Justice, profoundly affected morals and political hypothesis, accepted there must be an elective perspective on equity than the perspective on the Utilitarianism where the activity that benefits the best is the best. Rawls accepted that the standards of equity and reasonableness among people must be reasonable. John Rawls, social equity hypothesis looks to make a general public where the standards of equity and decency are given and to guarantee the insurance of equivalent access to freedoms, rights, and openings, just as dealing with the least advantaged citizenry. The idea is based around an implicit understanding, which is the deliberate understanding among individuals with each another and the administration which brings about a sorted out society. Then again, the way of thinking of ethicalness morals, which essentially manages the manners by which an individual should live, has bewildered logicians from the earliest starting point of time. Perceived as perhaps the best logician on the planet, Aristotle clarifies righteousness as a character characteristic that shows itself in ongoing activity. This hypothesis guarantees that excellencies are characteristics of character that you should rehearse effectively with the goal that they become a piece of you and shapes you into turning into a temperate moral individual. So when you are a righteous individual, you will lead a prosperous satisfied life. Since there are many differentiating translations in regards to an exact meaning of ethicalness, Aristotle hypothesis contends that the individual needs pragmatic intelligence, which is the thing that an individual needs so as to live well. On the conflicting side there is Milton Friedman, who is known as one of the best and most powerful financial analysts and open erudite people in theâ world. He was a firm adherent of free-advertise private enterprise which would thusly contribute and satisfactorily control riches all through the country. Traditionalist financial experts, for example, Milton Friedman, guarantee that business is most mindful when it makes benefit proficiently, not when it twists its vitality on social activities, Friedman verifies that it is in the eventual benefits for firms to expand benefits. With this Friedman is conjuring a deontological, not consequentialist, hypothesis. A consequentialist perusing Friedman’s work would hope to recognize a ‘ends legitimizes the means’ feeling of thinking. Friedman anyway clarifies the methods for accomplishing the closures are significant, as benefits should be expanded inside the administrative condition and primary core interest. Along ind istinguishable strides from Friedman we have Friedrich Hayek, who follows the libertarianism hypothesis. Libertarianism is a lot of related political ways of thinking that maintain freedom as the most noteworthy political end. This incorporates accentuation the essential of individual freedom, political opportunity, and deliberate affiliation. This hypothesis and Hayek stress that the market will deal with itself, the perfect market is automatic and it limits government mediation and additionally contribution in the commercial center. Libertarianism communicates that individuals have certain common rights and hardship of those rights is corrupt. The qualification hypothesis simply like Hayek, likewise bolsters a market framework with little to none government intercession, this hypothesis of equity is known by Robert Nozick. Nozick’s privilege hypothesis depends on the accompanying three standards: one, an individual who gains a holding as per the rule of equity in procurement is qualified for that holding; second, an individual who obtains a holding as per the rule of equity in move, from another person qualified for the holding, is qualified for the holding; and third, nobody is qualified for a ho lding with the exception of by rehashed utilizations of 1 and 2 (Anarchy, State, and Utopia 1974, p.151). As indicated by the qualification hypothesis, individuals should just have what they are really qualified for as indicated by these standards. A considerable lot of these speculations are seen all through the cases from the book Ethics and the Conduct of Business by John R. Boatright. Case 3.2 â€Å"Exporting Pollution† is impeccable model that incorporates alternate points of view and bits of knowledge into such speculations. The case sums up as follows, Rebbeca Wright, a collaborator to the VP of natural undertakings at Americhem, appreciates the chance to apply herâ training to open approach examination that her organization faces. She is persuaded that money saving advantage investigation, her claim to fame, gives a balanced dynamic device that slices through close to home sentiments and exposes the hard financial real factors. Jim Donnelly, Rebecca’s chief, began her with a draft of a reminder that she thought would make a chaos on the off chance that it were ever constructed open. Jim is setting up a notice of where to set up the company’s new area of their concoction plant. The principle issue is that barometrical toxins brought about by the plant will deliver an industrious cloudiness and a portion of the particles have been known to cause liver malignancy in a little bit of individuals uncovered. Four primary concerns about this area are additionally talked about of what might occur if this new plant opened. Milton Friedman’s, Kant, and deontological morals can be found for this situation. Friedman’s point of view for this case would have Rebecca to follow her obligations since this would do what might bring the most benefits and doing what the partners would need. For deontological and Kant’s viewpoint then again, it might be contended the two different ways. Rebecca must follow her obligations paying little mind to the results she is moving in the direction of, on the grounds that she has a particular obligation she should perform. In the event that she adheres to the guidelines she would profit herself, the organization, and all the partners. At the time Kantian morals despite everything suggests that one must adhere to moral law paying little mind to the results. So in light of the fact that this new plant may cause liver disease and incur torment on others, Rebecca can differ with the company’s choice on assembling the new plant. For this case, it relies upon which side Rebecca wishes to remain concerning what is moral or not. Regardless of wh ether to help or not the development of the new plant has moral characteristics with the two advantages and results.  â€Å"Lavish Pay at Harvard† is another model incredible model that applies to a portion of the hypotheses clarified. Jack R. Meyer, the head of Harvard University’s $20 billion gift finance was feeling the squeeze to change the pay plan for the assets top speculation supervisors because of the high measure of blessing the best five representatives were accepting. A couple of Harvard alumn

A Book History of the Epic of Gilgamesh and Looking at the Book as Artifact - Free Essay Example

What was the first book? You can argue that it goes back as far as someone placing their hand on a wall in a cave and leaving their mark behind. It could be argued that it was the hieroglyphics, it could be argued it was stone tablets from 2100 BC. There is an immense number of firsts. The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest book artifacts that has been unearthed. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a cuneiform text which is estimated to have been written in 2100 BC. This paper explores the book history of the Epic of Gilgamesh as well as examining the book as an artifact. What is the Epic of Gilgamesh? A History Gilgamesh was first discovered and translated in the 19th century. The story became popular quickly because the 11th tablet detailed the events of the Flood story from the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament. In Mesopotamian culture the language of learning, Sumerian and Akkadian was a treasured curriculum that had to be mastered by student scribes. According to Andrew George in the Penguin edition of the Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian (Preface and Introduction), all the literature that we have in Sumerian derives from the tablets written by these young Babylonian scribal apprentices, many of which were found in the remains of the houses of their teachers . It can be assumed that the Epic of Gilgamesh was written by these scribes due to the fact that not only were the tablets found in the remains of the scribes teachers homes, but also because not many would have been well enough educated in order to write this epic. The Sumerian literary texts that achieved the most publicity are the five poems of Gilgamesh. However, these are not the same as the Babylonian Gilgamesh epic that were written in Akkadian but are separate tales with similar themes. The Sumerian poems acted as a source material for the Babylonian epic. So even one of the oldest books in history, has even more history behind it and couldnt have developed without older Sumerian texts. Other Akkadian works have been recovered from this time frame. Some of them were well kept and finely written, these include three Babylonian tablets of Gilgamesh which we owe our knowledge of the story to. The Discovery of the Tablets Gilgamesh was first discovered and translated in the 19th century. The story became popular quickly because the 11th tablet detailed the events of the Flood story from the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament. The 11th tablet was excavated in Kouyunjik (now Nineveh, Iraq) by Hormuzd Rassam. The tablet is 15.24 centimeters long, 13.33 in width, and 3.17 centimeters in thickness and is made of clay . The fragment of the tablet has inscription on both sides with 49 and 51 lines as well as 45 and 49 lines. The tablet describes Ea, a god, told Utu-napishtim about the flood to destroy the earth. He told Utu to make a boat and save Utu and his family. Utu agreed, and when he, the birds, and the beasts were aboard the door shuts and the rest of mankind died. After six days the flood let up. The gods were mad at Utu and he and the animals could not find a final resting place. He made a sacrifice and Ea interceded and gave them an abode at the mouth of the river Euphrates. The next prominent tablet that was discovered was the 5th tablet. It was acquired from the Sulaymaniyah Museum in 2011 and was discovered to hold text from the Epic of Gilgamesh. The fifth tablet (in two parts) details the story of Gilgamesh and Enkidu as they fight the protector of the Cedar Forest, Humbaba. The earliest texts of Gilgamesh were written by the Sumerians in the third millennium B.C.E. in Mesopotamia. By the second millennium the story was inscribed on 11 tablets. Additionally, Assyrian scribes added a tablet that describes Gilgameshs arrangements for death and his future in the underworld in the 8th century B.C.E. One part of the fifth tablet is known as the Standard Babylonian version of the Gilgamesh Epic. It is written in cuneiform employing the writing system of wedge-shaped symbols used throughout the Near East in the first four millennia B.C.E. The tablet measures 4.3 by 3.7 inches and 1.2 inches thick. This tablet is believed to have been unearthed at a Babylo nian site. There were arguments whether the tablet was Old Babylonian or Neo-Babylonian. Andrew George, the British academic who wrote the translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh I quoted in my first report, believes that it is a typical Neo-Babylonian script which was not written later than the sixth century B.C.E. Two tablets represent the story of Tablet V. The Neo-Assyrian tablet from Nineveh and the Late Babylonian tablet from Uruk that Andrew George speaks of. Gilgamesh is still to this day constantly evolving as new pieces are still being discovered. After the US invaded Iraq and looted the Iraqi museums, the Sulaymaniyah Museum started an initiative in which they paid smugglers to obtain artifacts on their journey to other countries. The museum did not ask any questions regarding where it came from, how much it was, or who was selling it. The museum believed this would keep smugglers from selling to other buyers due to legal ramifications. In 2011, they discovered a collection of clay tablets. The collection was almost 90 clay tablets of different contents and shapes, they were all covered in mud. Some were in fragments while others were in pristine condition. The location is unknown due to the fact that the museum refused to ask questions to protect smugglers. It is believed that they were illegally obtained from the southern part of Babel which was previously Babylon or what was previously Mesopotamia. Professor Farouk Al-Rawi who teaches at the School of Oriental and African Studies was responsible for examining each item and appraising them. The seller did not know what the tablet was, only that it was really large, and he wanted a large sum of money for it. Professor Al-Rawi, knowing he had something greater, told Mr. Hashim to buy it and give the seller what he wanted. They bought it for $800. Professor Al-Rawi was cleaning the tablet and noticed that the three sections of the tablet were joined together, although it is unknown who put them together. Eventually, Al-Rawi discovered that he was working on one of the tablets from the Epic of Gilgamesh. It took five days in November 2012 to read and translate the cuneiform text. The tablet is inscribed in Neo-Babylonian cuneiform. It is number T.1447 in the Sulaymaniyah Museum. It is 11cm tall, 9.5 cm in length, and 3cm in thickness. It is dated between 2003-1595 BCE, although Al-Rawi dates it between 626-539 BCE.

What Can You Do with a Degree in Chemistry

A Presentation Of The Rationale For The Qualitative Case...

In this chapter, I will describe the methodology of my case study. I will begin with a presentation of the rationale for the qualitative case study approach. Next, I will present the participant selection criteria, the design of the study, and the methods of the data collection which will include the two interviews (first and follow-up), classroom observation, videotaping the participant during instruction, and document data collection. I will also discuss the strategies I will be using to enhance the trustworthiness of the study. At the end of this chapter, I will explain the methods of the data analysis. Appendix A will be included at the end of the chapter. I will develop Table(s) of the data collection. Rationale for Qualitative Approach The choice to choose the qualitative approach will mainly be depended on my purpose and research questions to be addressed. Since the purpose of this case study is to define the teacher’s use of ASL fingerspelling will be implemented during instruction. The purpose of my case study is not to compare or measure the effectiveness of the participant’s method of instruction, but to observe how the participant uses ASL fingerspelling, if any, during class instruction and how it was implemented. The qualitative approach will be carefully selected †¦. Data Collection Methods Participant Selection In selecting a participant for the case study was to choose one person who is a deaf education teacher and uses ASL. The teacher works inShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of A Research Hypothesis1354 Words   |  6 Pageswill be explain here. In deductive approach, Investigator has to pay attention on the development of research hypothesis by which we can reach to result. Formation of hypothesis is totally depend on the predetermine study and discovered theories. 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Soul Food free essay sample

A ritual done over a specific length of time can become tradition, rooting itself into one’s culture and lifestyle. George Gmelch in the essay â€Å"Baseball Magic† describes rituals as being irrational and unemotional behaviors linked to an outcome. He finds when a baseball player has a good performance his rituals grow and are continued. Gmelch’s findings reflect that rituals fulfill one’s need for control over one’s environment. Similar to Gmelch, I have found that within my family the ritual of cooking soul food every Sunday has become a means of keeping my family together. By consistently performing this ritual a sense of control is established over the continual unity within my family. Unity is important because it is the basic structure of family, and is something that was not always a part of African American culture. Dating back to slavery, families were often divided in the slave trade and were never to be seen again. This division has had long-term effects on African American families to this day, where often it is seen that a father or mother is lacking and children are raised by extended family. My family came to California from the East Coast over 30 years ago, thus keeping the ritual of Sunday dinner alive has been a crucial factor in maintaining our unity as a family. My family practices the ritual of having a large soul food dinner every Sunday at my Aunt Louise’s house. On October 26, 2008 I arrived at my Aunt Louise’s house in Los Angeles, California. Just before entering the house I was greeted by the smell of baked foods. As I walked into my aunt’s cozy medium sized home, I immediately saw the dining room table fully set for the guests. The mahogany table was covered with a cream and gold tasseled table cloth, cream plates rimmed with gold sat on the table near silver goblets with gold rims, and champagne flutes and silver utensils matched with gold handles. This elaborate table setting directly reflects the teachings passed down within my family of having wealth within one’s spirit. Gmelch states that routines are â€Å"comforting; they bring order into a world in which players have little control† (303). Just as baseball players need routines to organize their lives, my family is routinely reminded every Sunday that just because we don’t have money it doesn’t mean our minds should be impoverished. In the areas where control is lacking, such as finance, our family finds comfort from this reminder representing the riches we share as a family. Thus at this table, memories have been shared over the years and special occasions celebrated. After exiting the dining room I entered the kitchen where I saw a grey pot of cabbage with a large piece of ham inside, biscuits, macaroni and cheese, and baked chicken smothered in gravy. The hot soul food on the stove indicated dinner was prepared and all the elements of Sunday dinner at my Aunt Louise’s house began to come together. I watched as my family members made their way to the food, dinner plates in hand. Within minutes everyone settled in at the dining room table. My dad began to tell everyone to hold hands and bow for prayer as he prayed for blessing over the food, which coincides with George Gmelch’s finding of how Latin American’s make the sign of the cross or bless themselves before every bat (304). As a Christian family the importance that has been placed upon giving thanks to the one who provided us with our meal is an aspect of the ritual implemented to purify the food we are eating. While the family ate, conversation was sparked and the â€Å"soul† food began to work its magic. The food we ate made everyone comfortable, warm and more open to each other. The known aspect of how this food affects us draws upon what Gmelch states about a fielder having â€Å"complete control over the outcome of his performance† and by cooking soul food a sense of control is established (305). Everyone knows my Aunt Louise is a great cook, and when she cooks our soul food favorites we can’t help but be drawn to her house for her cooking. The soul food we eat establishes our control as a unified family every Sunday. What is within this food, analyzed by Professor Fredrick Douglas Opie, is the yolk that continues to bring African American families together. Soul food and Sunday dinners have been a staple throughout African American families. Known for bringing families together for food and great conversation, this tradition roots itself in times as early as slavery. In an interview by journalist Farai Chideya of the National Public Radio (NPR), author and Professor Fredrick Douglas Opie examines the history of soul food. His book Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America is an educational journey outlining where â€Å"soul† food began and how it became important to African American culture. He shows that the term â€Å"soul† as a prerequisite for the type of food commonly made by African American’s, stemmed from the 60s, an era of cultural empowerment. This food with â€Å"soul† as Professor Opie defines, is the main component of dinners which unite my family every Sunday evening. Within this traditional food cooked every Sunday our stomach’s are not the only aspect of us being fed, but our â€Å"souls† are being filled under the unity of food. My Aunt Louise is the reason the ritual of soul food being cooked on Sunday continues throughout our family. Historically the institution of slavery is where traditional African American foods were originally cooked, specifically out of â€Å"what the master rationed† (Opie). Usually when elaborate meals were cooked they were done sparingly and with whatever slaves could get their hands on. As Professor Douglas Opie draws upon, common soul food cooking in slavery rooted out of need, specifically for better tasting food. Similarly within my family, the need to keep everyone unified is the reason my Aunt continues the ritual of cooking soul food every Sunday. My Aunt Louise originally moved to California over 30 years ago with her sister, my grandmother. When she first moved to California with her sister, they were so busy raising children, working and dealing with marriage that seeing each other often was impossible. As she stated, the significance of her dinners every Sunday have been for â€Å"family gathering, so everyone can come together, enjoy conversation, catch up on their week†¦something that can’t be done everyday† (Robinson). A need to keep the family strong is why great soul food is cooked by her every Sunday. Originally my Aunt’s mother always cooked soul food dinners. Her mother and grandmother made sure that Sunday was specifically set aside â€Å"because that was an important day in our house that has been passed down from generation to generation† (Robinson). She was taught to cook at 11 years old, and from there participated in helping her mother cook elaborate meals on this special day of the week. The purpose for cooking soul food on Sunday as Professor Douglas Opie recalls, is because â€Å"certain foods weren’t always readily available to African Americans, so Sunday was set aside to cook them (Opie). † As a generational ritual among our African American culture, this day has held strong as a major characteristic of the ritual of cooking soul food by my Aunt Louise. What traditional soul food ritualistically cooked in our family every Sunday has done is bring us together. Foods such as fried chicken, greens, macaroni and cheese, cornbread and black eyed peas and gravy are known to bring comfort to an individual. Historically throughout slavery such staple foods gave a type of release to the stresses and depression occurred in that time. For my family, eating soul food when we are together comforts us and allows us to be more laid back and this in turn makes bonding every Sunday easier. Without this soul food, Sunday dinners could not be effective in the glue that keeps our family strong. Soul food is so closely aligned in the fabric of African American people and our culture that it’s almost impossible to get us to stop eating it (Opie). The soul food my family eats is a meaningful ritual and tradition because of its cultural roots and mysterious â€Å"feel good† qualities, soul food eaten in my family is a ritual of meaning which has become tradition. Within my family the tradition of having a large soul food dinner at my Aunt Louise’s house occurs every Sunday. Since I was a child, I remember going to her house, enjoying great food and socializing with members of my family. Gmelch in writing â€Å"Baseball Magic† discusses how rituals can play a large role in one’s life, as a means of control over a specific outcome. Overtime the ritual of soul food cooked every Sunday for dinner has become the incentive keeping unity within my family strong. The strength of family, especially to my own, reaches as far back into slavery where many families were broken apart. Opie in his interview by Farai Chideya in regards to his book Hog Hominy: Soul food from Africa to America analysis what soul food is and how it became to be important in African American culture. Originating out of a simple need for better tasting food, traditional foods cooked by slaves were later titled â€Å"soul food† during the Black Power Movement of the 60s. This soul food, passed down from generations is today what my family enjoys during time of bonding and relationship. In all, from what I have learned through observations and interview regarding this ritual, I will never look at my family’s Sunday dinners the same. As a ritual of true meaning, soul food dinner on Sunday is not only good food but a celebration of my family.

Mung Beans free essay sample

Abstract The Seeds of Mung bean, wheat, and silver beet were tested in environments of differing salinities to note down if high salinity environments were worse for the seeds. It was found that generally lower concentrations were better for germination then higher concentrations. Despite this, the hypothesis was not completely supported as in wheat and silver beet the second concentration had a higher rate of germination than the control and in all instances the highest concentration had a higher germination rate than the second highest concentration. Introduction Salinity refers to salt dissolved in a substance such as water or soil. Different plants have differing levels of salt tolerance, due to certain adoptions to specific environments. If a plant is not adapted to high salinity areas, they can be very detrimental to them. This is due to the process of osmosis. Osmosis is the process that occurs when there are differing concentrations between the inside and outside of a cell (Etomica, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Mung Beans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reason that solutions can travel through a cell is due to its cell membrane, which is a semi-permeable, meaning that only some things and not others can pass through it (Purchon, N, 2000). If there is a higher concentration on the outside of the cell than on the inside of the cell then it is referred to as hypotonic. When this happens, water flows from outside the cell into it, and the cell starts to swell. When the cell swells it is said to be turgid, which means swollen and hard (Etomica, 2010). In plant cells there is a cell wall which prevents these cells from bursting, and when the internal and external pressures become equal the ‘turgor pressure’ prevents the cell from taking in any more water (Etomica, 2010). If the concentration is higher on the inside, however, than it is referred to as hypertonic. When a cell is in a hypertonic solution, water from the inside of the cell will travel out of the cell (Etomica, 2010). When this happens, the cell is said to be ‘flaccid’, and when this happens the cytoplasm of the cell, which is the organelle of a cell concerned with the storage of water, pulls away from the cell walls in a process known as plasmolysis (Etomica, 2010). If there is an equal concentration on both the inside and outside of the cell than it has reached a ‘dynamic equilibrium’ and is referred to as isotonic, ‘incipient plasmolysis’ occurs . Incipient means about to be, meaning that it is in-between being turgid and being plasmolysed (Etomica, 2010). If a fully sprouted plant is in an isotonic solution, then a plant droops because it is not turgid enough to hold itself up (Etomica, 2010). High salinity environments can be bad for plants not adapted to them because their cells become flaccid. This is because the concentration of water in a high salinity environment is relatively low, meaning that water diffuses from inside the cell outwards, and eventually can deprive a cell completely from water (Etomica, 2010). The effects of high salinity environments on plants are an especially large problem in Australia. This is because, over millions of years, salt has been taken from the sea in the form of salt water, and deposited over the Australian landscape in the form of rain (DENR SA, 2010). This salt has stayed even deposited through soil for millions of years due to the native plants living in it, but with the plantation of introduced crops has become a large problem. In deep-rooted, native plants, when rainfall occurs, a large amount of water is taken up through the roots from the soil, resulting in no difference to the environment. However, with introduced, shallow-rooted plants, less water is taken up through the roots. Because less water is taken up, more water remains, and when the water evaporates from the soil, salt which has been low below ground for millions of years is brought to the surface, surrounding these new plants and depriving them of further water (DENR SA, 2010). This process can be made worse by the irrigation of crops, which result in more water soaking into the soil and thus more water to evaporate and carry salt to the soil’s surface (DENR SA, 2010). An example of a plant adapted to high salinity environments is the mangrove. The mangrove is a halophilous plant, meaning that it is a plant that grows in saline soils and waters (Conservancy Association, 2010). This gives it an advantage as not many plants can live in these conditions. The mangrove handles these high salinity conditions in a number of methods. The first method is through salt exclusion, which is the process the mangrove uses to prevent salt from entering its roots and therefore stopping it being transported to the plant cells (Conservancy Association, 2010). Despite this, some salt still gets through to the cells, and there are more methods to deal with it. With mangroves such as the Black Mangrove, salt can be excreted through its tissues, through specific salt glands (Conservancy Association, 2010). Another method is the storage of this salt on the leaves of the plant, in the form of crystals. These leaves then drop to the ground, taking this salt with them (Conservancy Association, 2010). The germination of mangroves is also a process specifically adapted to high salinity conditions. A mangrove seed begins to develop before it is dropped to the ground from the plant, to improve its chances of survival once it is dropped (Conservancy Association, 2010). As a mangrove is surrounded by water, when a seed drops it will start floating, as the seed coat starts to shed. The speed at which this coat sheds depends on how ideal the conditions are for it, as it will fall off slowly if it is in a high or low salinity environment (Conservancy Association, 2010). The best environment for a mangrove seedling is one of a combination of sea and fresh water. If the environment has a high temperature then the process is also quickened (Conservancy Association, 2010). Finding the right environment fairly quickly is important as a mangrove seed can only stay alive a few days, before it needs to implant (Conservancy Association, 2010). In this extended experimental investigation, the germination process of the seeds of mung beans, wheat, and silver beet in differing saline environments are tested to see how high salinity environments can affect plants. Mung beans can grow in both moist and dry environments, and can survive very dry drought conditions if necessary (Jefferson Institute, 2010). Despite this, they are not well adapted to high salinity conditions. Silver beet seeds are also adapted to a wide range of climates, although prefer cool, dry areas to germinate (Primefacts, 2009). Silver beet seeds have some tolerance to saline conditions, but not much tolerance during the germination process (Primefacts, 2009). There are over a thousand different kinds of wheat, whose seeds once again can survive well in drought-like conditions, but are relatively unadapted to saline environments (Shipard, I, 2009). Ten of each of these seeds will be put into five differing solutions. The solutions consist of a control solution, being a distilled water solution with no salt, a solution of 4. 375g/L of salt, a solution of 8. 75g/L of salt, a solution of 17. 5g/L of salt, and a solution of 35g/L of salt, being the average salinity of sea